In general, ECM consists two main cell types immature and mature, the immature cell in cartilage and bone are chondroblast and osteoblast, respectively. Hence, the electro-active scaffolds, which mimics the piezoelectric coefficients of natural tissues may be a suitable approach for the repair and regeneration of skeletal tissues like bone and cartilage.īone and cartilage are dense connective tissues, which consist mainly cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) (Fig. The activation of these channels transmits the intracellular signals to the nucleus, leads to the activation of signaling cascades, responsible for the cellular events such as matrix production, cell growth and tissue repair. Mainly, the osteocyte cells are involved in mechanotransduction and they communicate with other cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These signals transmitted through ECM to the voltage-gated channels in the cell membrane. Due to the piezoelectric property of collagen, it can generate electric signals in response to internal forces. Collagen is a fiber-like structure and it is major constituent in bone and cartilage, responsible for the piezoelectric property. ![]() Tissues like bone, cartilage, dentin, tendon and keratin can demonstrate direct piezoelectricity. The electro-active scaffolds are most significant in tissue engineering where the electrical stimulation is relevant for the tissue repair or regeneration, such as, neuronal tissue repair, bone and cartilage repair and regeneration etc. The piezoelectric scaffolds with optimized properties can produce suitable bioelectrical signals, similar to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), which has observed during remodeling phenomenon in bone and cartilage. The electrical stimulation resulting from piezoelectric scaffold can regenerate and repair the tissues by definite pathways. They can deliver variable electrical stimulus without an external power source. Moreover, piezoelectric materials have significant applications in tissue engineering as an electroactive scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration. Piezoelectric materials have a wide variety of electronic applications such as transducers, actuators and sensors. ![]() The word “ piezo” originates from the Greek word “ piezein” meaning pressure. Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie in 1880 have discovered the phenomenon. The basic requirement of material to exhibit piezoelectricity depends on its crystal lattice structure and the lack of a center of symmetry. Piezoelectric materials are considered as smart materials owing to the fact that these materials can transduce the mechanical pressure acting on it to the electrical signals (called direct piezoelectric effect) and electrical signals to mechanical signals (called converse piezoelectric effect). The external stimulus includes physical (temperature, light, electric or magnetic fields), chemical (pH) and mechanical stimuli (stress and strain). Smart materials are in general discussed to the materials, which can reversibly modify one or more of its functional or structural properties, according to the imposed external stimulus or to the modifications in their surrounding conditions. The present review is mainly concentrated on the mechanism related to the electrical stimulation in a biological system and the different piezoelectric materials suitable for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Hence, it is applicable to the regions, where mechanical loads are predominant. ![]() The piezoelectric scaffolds can act as sensitive mechanoelectrical transduction systems. Furthermore, they can stimulate the signaling pathways and thereby enhance the tissue regeneration at the impaired site. ![]() Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical signals in response to the applied stress. Thus, there is a high need of smart biomaterials, which can conveniently generate and transfer the bioelectric signals analogous to native tissues for appropriate physiological functions. Scaffold-based tissue engineering therapies largely disturb the natural signaling pathways, due to their rigidity towards signal conduction, despite their therapeutic advantages. The signals are controlled by the cells and extracellular matrix and transmitted through an electrical and chemical synapse. Tissues like bone and cartilage are remodeled dynamically for their functional requirements by signaling pathways.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |